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华慧考博英语阅读理解做题举例分析
临近考试，有不少华慧考博的学员在阅读上出现各种问题，快要考试了，反而觉得阅读做题不如之前集中训练的时候正确率高，经常做题找不着状态了，纷纷提出需要再次讲讲阅读如何做题。经过华慧考博老师和一些学员的具体辅导沟通，发现出现这种问题主要有两个原因。首先，考前需要进行套题模考，不只是做阅读，还有做其他的题，整个过程需要更多精力，需要注意力更集中，然而大家都往往生活工作忙碌，实在比较难以维持良好的精神状态。针对这个原因，需要考生有意地进行训练，并找一个合适的时间进行模拟。条件允许的情况下，尽量创造条件，和实际考试的时间保持一致。
以上问题还是相对比较好解决的。然而，更值得注意的是另外一个原因。那就是本身做题的方式方法需要改善，基础能力需要提升。这就得再次强调一下阅读如何做题了。阅读理解做题过程中，尽管个人的习惯有所差别（有的边读题边读文章边答题，有的读题之后把文章读完再答题），但是无论如何，根结底都需要做三件事，即读题干、读文章、答题。
1. 读题：判断问题类型，找出关键信息，也许可以预测文章内容
2. 读文章：句意（突破长难句）→段意（把握句子之间的逻辑关系）→文章的思路和主旨 （把握段落之间的逻辑关系）
3. 答题：定位→比对→确定最佳答案
如果你做阅读不理想，不妨从这三方面着手分析原因。下面华慧考博老师就用一篇阅读理解作为例子，展示一下做题的这三要素。
The phenomenon of dreaming has long fascinated philosophers and scientists. The ancients believed that dreams were messages from the gods or portents of one's future. Nineteenth and twentieth century scientists have sought rational explanations----the first such effort to receive wide acceptance was Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Freud called dreams “the royal road to the unconscious” by which he meant that dreams lead the way to a realm of mental functioning where our fantasies, emotional conflicts, repressed memories, and infantile impulses find expression. Through condensation, displacement, and symbol formation, troubling and fantastic thoughts evade the vigilant censor that keeps us largely unaware of them in our waking moments.
Recently, however, cognitive psychologists have challenged Freud's ideas. They point out that cats in laboratory experiments have been repeatedly shown to dream. So, in fact, have all other mammals except one: the anteater, which has a tiny brain. In addition, newborn infants spend half the day dreaming. These organisms do not have unconscious conflicts of the type Freud described, but during sleep they show obvious signs of dreaming. For example, when humans dream, their eyes dart around. This period of sleep, called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, is one of the most reliable signs that a person is dreaming and also is part of the sleeping pattern of almost all mammals. It happens at regular intervals: every hour and a half for a human, for instance, or every twelve minutes for a rat. Some researchers have even linked acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, to dreaming. All of this research suggests that the cause of dreaming is physiological, rather than emotional.
Others have proposed different alternatives. They suggest that the brain functions in some ways like an enormous computer, and that REM sleep is a way of "dumping" unwanted data that could otherwise overload the system. With 50 billion neurons and ten times that many glial cells wiring them all together, the brain is capable of taking on huge amounts of information. But like a computer, it has a finite capacity for storing information, and REM sleep may be a way that the brain "clears out" unusable data in order to free itself to attend new tasks during waking hours.
41. The passage primarily concerns .
A) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories
B) the effect of dreams on the personality
C) the attempts of psychologists to explain dreaming
D) the similarities of computers to the brain
42. The two new theories outlined in the passage challenge Freud's belief that .
A) dreams are an attempt to come to terms with unconscious material
B) we dream in order to find out about ourselves
C) dreams originate in a specific area of the brain
D) the conscious mind represses unpleasant thoughts
43. The author would most likely argue that the reason an anteater does not dream is .
A) it lacks the type of unconscious conflict Freud describes
B) neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine have been found in anteaters brains
C) its brain is not complex enough to support the mechanisms that cause dreams
D) anteaters' REM sleep differs from that of humans or rats
44. The author's attitude toward Sigmund Freud's theories could best be described as .
A) skeptical
B) emotional
C) envious
D) indifferent
解题分析：
1. 读题：判断问题类型，找出关键信息，也许可以预测文章内容
41题主旨大意题
42题细节题，关键信息：new theories challenge Freud's belief
43题推理题，关键信息：an anteater does not dream
44题态度题，关键信息：author's attitude
综合几个题干可预测，文章应该讲到了新旧的理论（42题），也许和dream有关（43题）。
2. 读文章：句意（突破长难句）→段意（把握句子之间的逻辑关系）→文章的思路和主旨 （把握段落之间的逻辑关系）
文章行文思路（即文章黄色凸显内容）：
第一段：提出话题phenomenon of dreaming，重点阐述Freud的理论Freud called dreams “the royal road to the unconscious”。
第二段：总分总结构，阐述cognitive psychologists have challenged Freud's ideas，理由是These organisms do not have unconscious conflicts of the type Freud described，最后总结the cause of dreaming is physiological, rather than emotional。
第三段：提出另一种看法，the brain functions in some ways like an enormous computer......
由行文思路总结文章主旨大意：介绍三种关于dream的不同观点。
3. 答题：定位→比对→确定最佳答案
41题，显然，根据以上概括的文章主旨大意，答案选C。
42题，由题干关键信息定位第二段，由第二段的段落内容分析，可知答案选A。
43题，由题干定位第二段第三句So, in fact, have all other mammals except one: the anteater, which has a tiny brain.只有选项C的内容与之有关联，故答案选C。
44题，结合文章行文思路可知，作者只是介绍几种关于dreaming 不同的理论，作者自己并未发表任何看法，因此答案选D。
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